Reduced Exploration and Stereotyped Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Reduced Exploration and Stereotyped Behavior. Answer: Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by developmental delay, abnormalities in langugage comprehension, social interaction, reciprocity, communication, and repetitive stereotypical behaviors and interests [1]. Although previoius studies provided evidences for the underlying genetic, prenatal, early postnatal, and biochemical pathways that are responsible for the disorder, the etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Epidemiological studies suggest that there is not a single reason that leads to the occurrence of ASD. Mulitfactorial conditions (genetic and environmental) contribute to the development of autism [2,3]. Recent studies have focused on the possible role of cerebellar atrophy and loss of Purkinje cells in these neuropsychiatric disorders [4-6]. The most widely known abnormalities associated with ASD are atrophy of the cerebellum and selective loss of Purkinje cells [7]. ASD appears to d ecrease the volume of neocerebellar vermis and results in loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar hemispheres. These factors are thought to contribute to impaired attention, vigilance, and sensorial processes in children with ASD [8-10]. Developmental abnormalities and damage to the cerebellum result in impaired cognitive functions, poor verbal skills and increased stereotypical behaviors [11-12]. These findings support the idea that abnormal density of Purkinje cells could contribute to development of autism phenotype [13]. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is another common child neuropsychiatric disorder that persisits into adulthood. A meta-analysis study showed a frequency of 5-29% among children [14]. ADHD and ASD have similar biological features and are likely to be found together [15-16]. Although, the etiology of ADHD is unclear, both neurobiological and psychosocial factors are thought to play a role. Recent studies have mostly evaluated cerebellar atrophy and loss of Purkinje cells [17]. Cerebellar abnormalities are consistently found in ADHD structural neuroimaging studies [18,19]. Additionally, many studies have reported impaired developmental differentiation and decreased cerebellar volume among ADHD children [20-23]. Studies that investigated the pathophysiology of both ASD and ADHD pointed out common structural differences in cerebellum [8,9,18,19]. However, previous studies failed to compare the disorders in terms of cerebellar degeneration. Presence of Anti-Yo antibodies i s the most common and well defined characteristic of cerebellar degeneration [24]. Additionally, distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the neuroendocrine tissues and antibodies against GAD act on the cerebellar pathways [25]. These findings highlight the need to (1) compare anti-Yo and anti-GAD serum levels between children with ADHD, ASD, and healthy control group, and (2) investigate the association between antibody levels, sociodemographical features and symptom severity among children with ASD. A total of 119 Caucasian children aged 4 to 12 years of age, who were admitted to the Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital between July 2015 and July 2016, were included in this study. The children were gender matched and belonged to the same grade level. They were also matched for their intelligent levels. The sample population consisted of 40 children diagnosed with ASD and 39 children diagnosed with ADHD, according to DSM-5 criteria. A stratified sampling method was used to select 40 healthy children belonging to the same age group from three different pre-school institutions and three primary schools. They formed the control group. Children with comorbid psychiatric disorders, chronic medical illnesses, mental retardation (intelligence quotient 70) and developmental delays were excluded from the study. Additionally, patients with pure ASD or ADHD were included in the appropriate groups. The parents and children were informed about the study. Verbal and written consent was obtained from the parents. The study was financed by the Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital Scientific Research Support Commission. It followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Ethical Committee of Ankara Pediatric Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital. Researchers determined the socio-demographical features and clinical features of all participants. The children were assessed by child and adolescent psychiatrists. They were diagnosed with ADHD or ASD according to the DSM-5 criteria. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS PL) was applied to the clinical sample to evaluate the differential diagnosis of each symptom. The reliability and validity of K-SADS-PL was assessed by Gkler [26]. An assessment of the children aged between 4-6 years was done using the Denver-II (Denver Developmental Screening Test) or Stanford Binet test, to exclude developmental delays from consideration. The revised edition of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was used to exclude mental retardation among the participants aged between 6-12 years. The Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Form (CPRS) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised Long Form (CTRS) were completed by pa rents and teachers of children diagnosed with ADHD. The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC) were completed by parents of autistic children. Researchers applied the Childhood Autism Checklist Scale (CARS) to all participants with autism. The serum anti-Yo and anti-GAD levels were analysed from all participants via the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) method, in a laboratory at the hospital. The method was used as a quantitative measurement to investigate the antigen-antibody relationship, and the activity of an enzyme bound to an anti-core antibody. Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Form (CPRS): It is an assessment tool used by parents to report behavioral problems and severity of ADHD symptoms in their children aged 3-17 years [27]. This four-point Likert scale consists of 80-items. The translation, validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale were done by Kaner [28]. Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised Long Form (CTRS): This scale is given to teachers to evaluate behavioral problems and ADHD symptom severity among their students aged between 3-17 years [27]. This four-point Likert scale consists of 59-items. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version was tested by Kaner [29]. Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC): This scale is used to determine the severity of behavioral problems among children with autism. It is a five-point Likert scale consisting of 58 items that assists parents to score problematic behavior in their children [30,31]. Assessment of five different subgroups namely, irritability, lethargy, social withdrawal, stereotypies, and hyperactivity give different scores. Validity and reliability studies were done for the Turkish sample [32]. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS): This autism behavior rating scale, which consists of 15-items and 14 domains, is mostly used by clinicians for diagnosing and determining autism severity. Each item is scored from 1 to 4 [33]. A minimum score of 30 is required to determine if a child is autistic [34]. Validity and reliability studies were completed for a Turkish sample [35]. The value of Cronbach coefficient was 0.95. Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC): This checklist was developed by Krug [36]. It consists of 57 items, placed in five different categories: sensory, relational, body and object use, language, social and self-help. It is used by clinicians to quantify behaviors associated with autism. Turkish reliability and validity studies had been conducted. High scores were reported for internal consistency and split-half reliability (.92) [37]. The cut-off point for the scale is 39. Preparation of the sample Anti-Yo: 5 cc of blood was kept at room temperature for 15 minutes and subjected to 4100 cycles of centrifugation for 5-10 minutes. The serum was studied using ELISA method, which is an analytical biochemistry assay, used to detect and quantify presence of a substance. The upper layer (serum) was tubed using a pipette. Anti-GAD: 5 cc of blood was kept at room temperature for 15 minutes and subjected to 4100 cycles of centrifugation for 5-10 minutes. ELISA method was used to study the serum. The method is biochemistry assay that detects and quantifies presence of a substance. The reference value was accepted to be Analysis was done using the SPSS 17.0 software package. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistical test revealed the absence of any normal distribution between the variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used in combination with Bonferroni correction to compare the variables among ASD, ADHD and control groups. p The participants were divided into three groups based on their diagnosis: children with ADHD, children with ASD, and healthy children. No significant differences were observed among them with respect to their socio-demographical features (age, BMI of children and the age and education level of their parents), as shown in Table 1. (p .05). Anti-Yo levels and GAD levels were compared between the groups (Table 2). The median GAD levels were 293.4 pmol/L for ASD, 360.4 pmol/L for ADHD, and 311.2 pmol/L for healthy subjects respectively. No significant differences were observed between GAD levels among the groups. Median anti-Yo levels were 2.1 pmol/L for ASD, 2.9 pmol/L for ADHD, and 1.6 pmol/L for healthy subjects. Significant differences were detected in proportion of antibodies between the three groups (X2=12.162, df=2, p=0.002). Dichotomic analysis using a Mann-Whitney U test revealed that comparison between children with ADHD and healthy subjects resulted in a significant anti-Yo ra tio (U=460, 500, z=-3.133, p=0.002). The anti-Yo levels of ADHD group were higher than corresponding levels among healthy children. A correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between anti-Yo and GAD levels with age, ABC and AbBC scores. Poor positive correlation was found between children age and GAD levels (Spearman rho=0.187, p=0.042). However, no correlation was found between groups (autism: r=0.105, p=0.519; ADHD: r=0.285, p=0.079; healthy subjects: r=0.253, p=0116). A negative correlation was observed between children age and ABC scores (Spearman rho=-0.475, p=0.002) as well as with CARS scores (r=-0.437, p=0.005). Positive correlation was also observed between AbBC and CARS scores among children with ASD (r=0.353, p=0.001) (Table 3). The study investigated the levels of cerebellar antibodies among children diagnosed with ASD or ADHD. According to the findings, no significant differences in antibody levels were observed among the 2 groups. However, children with ADHD reported significantly higher levels of Purkinje cell antibodies, when compared to the healthy subjects. These results supported the possible role of cerebellar damage in ADHD etiology. Most recent studies on ADHD have established association of the disease with abnormalities in Purkinje cells, reduced cerebellar volume, and developmental differences [20-23]. Studies have also been conducted to investigate the relationship between anti-Yo antibodies and ADHD. Passarelli and colleagues investigated the relationship between ADHD and cerebellar antibodies and pointed out a possible association between anti-Yo antibodies and ADHD combined subtype [17]. In addition, Donfrancesco and his colleagues compared 58 children diagnosed with ADHD with 36 healthy ch ildren and reported higher levels of antineural antibodies in the ADHD group [38]. High levels of cerebellar antibodies among ADHD subjects in this study showed consistency with earlier findings [17,38]. Structural imaging studies on autism have reported a decrease in number of cerebellar Purkinje cells and differences in cerebellar volume [39,40]. The potential role of immune system in ASD etiology have been consistently supported by evidences that demonstrated functioining of autoantibodies against brain-specific antigens among autistic children [41,42]. Although, higher levels of antibodies were found in the ASD group when compared to controls in the present study, no significant difference was observed. Therefore, further investigation is required to evaluate the association between cerebellar antibodies and ASD. However, the results did not provide definitive support for excluding the association and etiopathogenetic connection between cerebellar degeneration and ASD. The study was a first-in-human study that investigated the presence of cerebellar antibodies in ADHD and ASD, and compared it to a control group. The findings point to the fact that cerebellar degeneration has a po ssible role in ADHD. However, the study had several limitations. Firstly, the sample groups were relatively small, and this might have affected the levels of significant differences among the groups. Secondly, the study did not include any long term follow-up period. In the study, a poor positive correlation was observed between the ages of the children and their GAD levels. Therefore, a change in the levels of antibodies might occur as the children grew older, independent of a disease. Furthermore, the values were momentary. Thus, presence of fluctuations in antibody levels could not be assessed. Conclusion In conclusion, the study pointed out an association between the presence of cerebellar antibodies and ADHD. There is a need to increase focus on common neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD and ASD, in order to develop effective treatment approaches. In this context, the study forms an important foundation for prenatal and postnatal diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. It may act as a pioneer of further research in this field. 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Mittleman, Repetitive behavior and increased activity in mice with Purkinje cell loss: a model for understanding the role of cerebellar pathology in autism, Eur J NeuroSci. 31 (2010) 544-555. [13] J. Skefos, C. Cummings, K. Enzer, J. Holiday, K. Weed, E. Levy, T. Yuce, T. Kemper, M. Bauman,. Regional alterations in Purkinje cell density in patients with autism, PloS one. 9 (2014) e81255. [14] G. Polanczyk, M.S. de Lima, B.L. Horta, J. Biederman, L.A. Rohde, The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis, Am J Psychiatry. 164 (2007) 942-948. [15] W.R. McGinnis, Oxidative stress in autism, Altern Ther Health Med. 10 (2004) 22-36. [16] B.M. Ross, I. McKenzie, I. Glen, C.P.W. Bennett, Increased levels of ethane, a non invasive marker of n-3 fatty acid oxidation, in breath of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Nutr Neurosci. 6 (2003) 277-281. [17] F. Passarelli, R. Donfrancesco, P. Nativio, E. Pascale, M. Di Trani, A.M. Patti, A. 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Life is most precious to everyone and everything Essay Example

Life is most precious to everyone and everything Essay Life is most precious to everyone and everything. Without life we would not have a proper civilisation, people would live forever or not even exist at all. What if I said to someone that I was going to take their life for something I presumed they had done? The death penalty, sometimes called capital punishment was introduced in bible times, if somebody so much as stole a piece of bread they would be gave the death penalty. A painful and slow death was usually the outcome, where someone would be starved until they where malnourished and die from starvation. Jesus was crucified on the cross for saying that he was the king of the Jews. Nobody could prove this man to be guilty, so why was he crucified? Why was his life wasted? In the twenty and twenty first century the use of the death penalty is much more infrequent due to many protests about its wide use in 1967 where the United Nations found that it was widely used. In some counties you can be handed the death penalty for things such as cheating on your husband. For instance in 2002 a women was took unwillingly into the street and stoned to death for cheating on her husband. She was the mother of three children and now she cant fend or care for them. Some states in the U.S.A are still keeping the death penalty because they believe that it is the only rightful way to treat somebody who has committed serious crimes. Do you believe this? Most states only hand out the death penalty if the person had killed one or more people in a malicious attack. I think that people are innocent until proven guilty, and should not be handed the death penalty but should be imprisoned for life if later found guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on Life is most precious to everyone and everything specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life is most precious to everyone and everything specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life is most precious to everyone and everything specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In some poor countries in Africa they have poor prison systems and cant cope with the numbers of people who commit crimes. They hand the death penalty for those who commit crimes such as theft to those who have killed time and time again. It is the only way they can punish people for the wrong they have done. Stealing a piece of bread to killing twenty people does not compare one way in the slightest. A UN survey in 1990 revealed that forty-three countries had abolished the death penalty entirely, seventeen had retained it but only for exceptional crimes such as treason, twenty-four had retained it but not used it for at least ten years, and ninety-seven were still using it. The abolitionist countries were widely scattered, including, for example, the Philippines and Namibia, but were mostly to be found in Europe and Latin America. Although the number of abolitionist states had doubled since the previous survey in 1967, the UN found unwavering official support for capital punishment in many countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Islamic law (the sharia) imposes capital punishment for certain offences, and capital punishment is enforced in those countries where the sharia forms the legal code, and in many countries where the sharia is drawn on as the basis for the legal code. Capital punishment has long been the subject of dispute. While proponents argue that it is a neces sary deterrent to the most serious crime, more so than the alternative of life imprisonment, opponents argue either that it is in violation of the human right to life or that inevitable miscarriages of justice will lead to the execution of innocent people. Furthermore, a careful review of the research evidence suggests that capital punishment has no greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment. It says in the bible, thou shall not kill so why go against your religion? Why kill? Why take a life? A life should not be taken and if you sentence someone to death you would be just as bad as him or her, a murderer. It also says in the bible, do until others as they have done unto you punish people for what they have done. Punishing people does not mean that you have to kill them using crude methods. In Africa they put people on public execution, people actually go to pay and watch people suffer for crimes that they are not sure they committed. Putting someone in prison unto they are proven innocent is a good idea. This way they will suffer more over the years and regret what they have done. If they are found innocent in later years they can walk away but you cant walk away when you are dead. Think of what is must be like to be on death row? Waiting around for that moment, to find out if you will live or die. At this moment 1.2% of the American population is on death row awaiting the outcome of a jury who doesnt even no them? How would you feel if this was you? The death penalty should be abolished? Other issues shroud the death penalty such as racism. For in the 60s if there was a African American on trial, there was usually a white jury. The white jury would convict the African American no matter what the evidence was. Also foreign nationals fit into The death penalty can have good aspects also, in some states it is put in place for real serious crimes but rarely ever used. In these states people are scared to do wrong incase they face the death penalty. I believe that the death penalty is wrong because if you hand someone the death penalty it is just as bad as the crime they have committed themselves. The death penalty should be abolished in those remaining states in America; due to it being a huge powerful country with good prisons. It doesnt look good if the death penalty is still been imposed in a modern economical country. As for the counties, which dont have a good law ,system they should start to imprison those suspected of committing violent crimes, too many people are being murdered because of things that they havent been proven guilty off. I think that the death penalty should be abolished, it was save lives, humiliation, if later found out that they didnt do it and it would make people afraid of going to jail for the rest of their lives. Do you want to be killed knowing you didnt commit the crime? Do you?

Argumentative Essay Topics - Advice For Writing An Argumentative Essay About Depression

Argumentative Essay Topics - Advice For Writing An Argumentative Essay About DepressionHow do you address arguments with an essay topic that is depression based? Do you have to include the idea of depression and talk about it in an essay? The answer is yes, but there are ways to get around this.Writing essays is not something that most people love to do, but it is essential to write. While you may like to enjoy the process of writing, you have to remember that your assignment is to present a good essay. And if you are writing a paper for a class or research assignment, you will need to have a well thought out and structured essay that is well researched.If you are creating essay topics based on depression, you will have to remember that students will have to go through the same assignments that you have been given. This means that you need to include the topic as an option in your essay so that you can get some work done with the assignment.The best way to tackle the topic of essay t opics based on depression is to start from a logical point of view. You do not want to be overly emotional in your essay, but if you have a major cause of depression, you will need to address that too.When writing argumentative essay topics based on depression, it is best to try and put in facts and examples. Many times, the person who suffers from the condition does not like the fact that people think that they are abnormal. It is important to have a strong point of view in your essay.The main points to make are: the circumstances surrounding the situation, how the condition affects the individual, and how it has affected their life. If you are presenting the topic in the academic format, it is also important to have some sort of explanation of the point.There are many other options that you can use when writing an essay about a topic of a topic like depression. You should consider this in your college or university writing classes. Having an accurate and logical argument is an imp ortant part of the course, so do not overlook the topic of the essay.

Homosexuality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays

Homosexuality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essays It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. This quote from Austins Pride and Prejudice, while being sarcastic and facetious, is truly indicative of the societal expectations placed on men in Victorian society. This is the very belief that is subverted and challenged in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The conflict in his novel is over the dominant conception of the professional upper-middle class Victorian man and his professed masculinity. Not only are the men in this novel all bachelors, but there also appears to be an air of homoerotic tension pervading their tight knit social circle. Stevenson provides several other symbols that lend a homoerotic interpretation to the novel. The discussion of the blackmail house between Mr. Utterson and his kinsman Richard Enfield, the description of the door leading into the blackmail house, and the depiction of Utterson and Poole, Dr. Jekylls butler, breaking into the lab. Blackmail in the Victorian period was commonly associated with homosexuality, and in fact, instituted to deal with homosexual liaisons. Enfields nickname for Dr. Jekylls laboratory, blackmail house, supports the underlying homoerotic themes pervading The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Relating the incident to Utterson in which Hyde uses a check signed with Jekylls name, Enfield says, Black mail, I suppose; an honest man paying through the nose for some of the capers of his youth. Black Mail House is what I call that place with the door, in consequence. Though even that, you know, is far from explaining it all (Stevenson 11). Enhancing the homosexual aura surrounding the blackmail house is the description of the door leading into the house. The door, which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and disdained. [It] bore in every...

An Introduction to Medical Anthropology

An Introduction to Medical Anthropology Medical anthropology is a field of anthropology focused  on the relationship between health, illness, and culture. Beliefs and practices about health vary across different cultures and are influenced by social, religious, political, historical, and economic factors. Medical anthropologists use anthropological theories and methods to generate unique insights into how different cultural groups around the world experience, interpret, and respond to questions of health, illness, and wellness. Medical anthropologists study a wide array of topics. Specific questions include: How does a particular culture define health or illness?How might a diagnosis or condition be interpreted by different cultures?What are the roles of doctors, shamans, or alternative health practitioners?Why do certain groups experience better or worse health outcomes, or higher prevalence of certain diseases?What is the connect between health, happiness, and stress?How are different conditions stigmatized or even celebrated in specific cultural contexts? In addition, medical anthropologists study the factors that affect or are affected by the distribution of illness, and are also closely attuned to questions of inequality, power, and health. History of the Field Medical anthropology emerged as a formal area of study in the mid-20th  century. Its roots are in cultural anthropology, and it extends that subfield’s focus on social and cultural worlds to topics relating specifically to health, illness, and wellness. Like cultural anthropologists, medical anthropologists typically use ethnography – or ethnographic methods – to conduct research and gather data. Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves full immersion in the community being studied. The ethnographer (i.e., the anthropologist) lives, works, and observes daily life in this distinctive cultural space, which is called the field site. Medical anthropology grew increasingly important after World War II, when anthropologists began to formalize the process of applying ethnographic methods and theories to questions of health around the world. This was a time of widespread international development and humanitarian efforts aimed at bringing modern technologies and resources to countries in the global South. Anthropologists proved particularly useful for health-based initiatives, using their unique skills of cultural analysis to help develop programs tailored to local practices and belief systems. Specific campaigns focused on sanitation, infectious disease control, and nutrition. Key Concepts and Methods Medical anthropology’s approach to ethnography has changed since the field’s early days, thanks in large part to the growth of globalization and the emergence of new communication technologies. While the popular image of anthropologists involves living in remote villages in far-off lands, contemporary anthropologists conduct research in a variety of field sites ranging from urban centers to rural hamlets, and even in social media communities. Some also incorporate quantitative data into their ethnographic work. Some anthropologists now design multi-sited studies, for which they conduct ethnographic fieldwork in different field sites. These might include comparative studies of health care in rural versus urban spaces in the same country, or combine traditional in-person fieldwork living in a particular place with digital research of social media communities. Some anthropologists even work in multiple countries around the world for a single project. Together, these new possibilities for fieldwork and field sites have broadened the scope of anthropological research, enabling scholars to better study life in a globalized world. Medical anthropologists use their evolving methodologies to examine key concepts, including: Health disparities: the differences in the distribution of health outcomes or disease prevalence across groupsGlobal health: the study of health across the globeEthnomedicine:  the comparative study of traditional medicine practices in different culturesCultural relativism:  the theory that all cultures must be considered on their own terms, not as superior or inferior to others. What Do Medical Anthropologists Study? Medical anthropologists work to solve a variety of problems. For instance, some researchers focus on health equity and health disparities, trying to explain why certain communities have better or worse health outcomes than others. Others might ask how a particular health condition, such as Alzheimer’s or schizophrenia, is experienced in localized contexts around the globe. Medical anthropologists can be divided into two general groups: academic and applied. Academic medical anthropologists work within university systems, specializing  in research, writing, and/or teaching. In contrast, applied medical anthropologists often work outside of university settings. They can be found in hospitals, medical schools, public health programs, and in nonprofit or international non-governmental organizations. While academic anthropologists often have more open-ended research agendas, applied practitioners are typically part of a team trying to solve or generate insights into a specific problem or question. Today, key research areas include  medical technologies, genetics and genomics, bioethics, disability studies, health tourism, gender-based violence, infectious disease  outbreaks, substance abuse, and more. Ethical Considerations Both academic and applied anthropologists face similar ethical considerations, which are typically overseen by their universities, funders, or other governing organizations. Institutional review boards were established in the U.S. in the 1970s to ensure ethical compliance for research involving human subjects, which includes most ethnographic projects. Key ethical considerations for medical anthropologists are: Informed consent:  ensuring that research subjects are aware of any risks and consent to participate in the study.Privacy: protecting participants health status, image or likeness, and private information  Confidentiality:  protecting the anonymity (if desired) of a research subject, often by using pseudonymous names for participants and field site locations Medical Anthropology Today The most well-known anthropologist today is Paul Farmer. A physician and an anthropologist, Dr. Farmer teaches at Harvard University and has received widespread acclaim for his work in global health. Other key figures in medical anthropology include Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Arthur Kleinman, Margaret Lock, Byron Good, and Rayna Rapp. The Society for Medical Anthropology is the primary professional organization for medical anthropologists in North America, and is affiliated with the American Anthropological Association. There are scholarly journals devoted solely to medical anthropology, such as Medical Anthropology Quarterly, Medical Anthropology, and the online journal  Medicine Anthropology Theory.  Somatosphere.net  is a popular blog focusing on medical anthropology and related disciplines.  Ã‚   Medical Anthropology Key Takeaways Medical anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the relationship between health, illness, and culture.Medical anthropologists can be divided into two key fields: applied and academic.While medical anthropologists study a wide range of issues and topics, key concepts include health disparities, global health, medical technologies, and bioethics. Sources â€Å"American Anthropological Association Statement on Ethnography and Institutional Review Boards.† American Anthropological Association, 2004.Crossman, Ashley. â€Å"What is Ethnography? What It Is and How To Do It.† ThoughtCo, 2017.Petryna, Adriana. â€Å"Health: Anthropological Aspects.† International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. Elsevier, 2015.Rivkin-Rish, Michele. â€Å"Medical Anthropology.† Oxford Bibliographies, 2014.â€Å"What is Medical Anthropology?† Society for Medical Anthropology.

Event this week Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Event this week - Assignment Example The context of the article is relevant to the past years when oil prices rose to unexpected levels, leading to low productivity and high cost of goods. This is also relevant to the dwindling Russian economy after the US influenced the price cuts to impose sanctions on the country. However, most industries are shutting down production for maintenance purposes, which reduces the oil demand across the American States. The implication for a broader international development is that the producing countries are crying foul because the reduction in prices will affect their market shares. This is because of the increasing American reserves that take advantage of the fall in prices to store additional oil. For instance, Saudi Arabia expresses fear that the reduced demand will affect future market shares and productions. The contents of the article relate to the course because it analyses the implication of reducing oil prices to economies that depend on its sales. This is evident through the effect of the prices on workers, global economies and industrial production. As a result, the concept of demand and price is clearly

Is globalization a net benefit or disadvantage to the international Essay

Is globalization a net benefit or disadvantage to the international system - Essay Example 23), which is a symbol of unifying entities using selected ideologies. However, so many debates concerning the issues of whether globalization is of any benefits to the world or if it has negative impacts on international systems. So many arguments relate structural violence to globalization. In developed countries, such a situation helps them in overcoming most economic barriers (Guehenno: pp. 28). This notion has brought â€Å"westernization† because such countries have overpowered the international markets. In this case, structural violence disrupts peace globally. In return, such violence gives birth to disparity a catalyst to major conflicts. This could be the reason as to why there is widespread social polarization in the current international system. Through globalization, there is an evidence of imbalance in power in the international systems. Such imbalances lead to suspicions among countries, which in turn increase foreign policy costs and creating new kinds of threats (Baylis, Smith S. & Owens: pp. 110). The assumptions on threats are due to the change in global security. Already, the internet, intercontinental airlines, most media houses and international companies are among the pace setters in globalization. These global landmarks have led to interdependence. For this reason, countries are less concerned with the provision of security to other countries unless where they feel threatened. Nations with a common interest seem to gang up together with the aim of maximizing on the global nature by influencing most security matters. This, according to the arguments made by the Neo-Marxists, leads to inequality. A combination of all these issues revolving around structural violence results to global instability. The status of a nation in an international system is greatly affected by globalization. Through centralization, most states are under threat of losing monopoly